Optical Metrology Guides Automated Aircraft Assembly With Machine Learning
Aircraft operation is responsible for the lion’s share of emissions and resource consumption in aviation. To make flying more environmentally friendly and climate-friendly in the future, not only the aircraft but also production, maintenance and repair should be optimized. In the Hi-Digit-Pro 4.0 project, researchers from TU Braunschweig and DLR have developed a new concept that combines mobile robot units with lightweight assembly devices.
Many structural components in aircraft are thin-walled and made of lightweight carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. If such structures are also particularly long and slim, as is the case with landing flaps on wings, for example, their inherent rigidity is often low. As a result, the components already deform strongly under their own weight during the assembly processes without additional measures. Highly rigid steel fixtures provide a remedy. They fix the components in their intended shape and allow trouble-free assembly. Due to their high weight, however, these fixtures cannot be moved by mobile robots, but require much more complex and specialized processes.
The Hi-Digit-Pro 4.0 Project
As part of the Aeronautics Research Program (LuFo) of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Protection (BMWi), the Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics at the Technische Universität Braunschweig, together with the Institute of Composite Structures and Adaptive Systems of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), has been searching for more flexible and efficient solutions for aircraft production in the Hi-Digit-Pro 4.0 research project. The project started in 2018 and will run for three and a half years.
As part of the Hi-Digit-Pro 4.0 research project, a new assembly concept has been developed that enables lightweight assembly fixtures with so-called actuators to compensate for tolerance deviations and ensure precise positioning. The new assembly fixture is so light that it can be used on mobile robots. This guarantees the greatest possible flexibility of the production process and enables automated assembly of large structures of low rigidity such as the landing flap modules, which consist of the landing flap as well as the connecting elements towards the wing box.
New Assembly Process
The mobile robot transports the flap module to the assembly line and once there, moves to the aircraft wing and roughly aligns the flap module with the assembly points on the wing. A 3D camera system captures the position of the wing and reference points from all components to be assembled. Six actuators integrated into the assembly fixture then compensate for gravitational effects and manufacturing tolerances. The robot arm mounts the flap module on the wing of the aircraft. Finally, the mobile robot uncouples the assembly fixture and is ready for the next assembly task.
Future Perspective – Assembly With Machine Learning
In the future, the assembly process is set to become even faster and more efficient. Real-time capable robot control using neural networks is planned. An algorithm based on machine learning will provide information on the assemblability and set the assembly parameters on its own. The geometry will be measured, the data will be transmitted to the algorithm, and the constructive compensation element will be adjusted so that the assembly of the flap module can take place immediately and without delay.